Journal list menu
Remotely sensed canopy height reveals three pantropical ecosystem states: reply
Corresponding Author
Chi Xu
School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023 China
Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, Wageningen, NL-6700AA The Netherlands
E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorArie Staal
Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, Wageningen, NL-6700AA The Netherlands
Search for more papers by this authorStijn Hantson
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Atmospheric Environmental Research, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 82467 Germany
Search for more papers by this authorMilena Holmgren
Resource Ecology Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, Wageningen, NL-6700 AA The Netherlands
Search for more papers by this authorEgbert H. van Nes
Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, Wageningen, NL-6700AA The Netherlands
Search for more papers by this authorMarten Scheffer
Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, Wageningen, NL-6700AA The Netherlands
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Chi Xu
School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023 China
Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, Wageningen, NL-6700AA The Netherlands
E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorArie Staal
Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, Wageningen, NL-6700AA The Netherlands
Search for more papers by this authorStijn Hantson
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Atmospheric Environmental Research, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 82467 Germany
Search for more papers by this authorMilena Holmgren
Resource Ecology Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, Wageningen, NL-6700 AA The Netherlands
Search for more papers by this authorEgbert H. van Nes
Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, Wageningen, NL-6700AA The Netherlands
Search for more papers by this authorMarten Scheffer
Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, Wageningen, NL-6700AA The Netherlands
Search for more papers by this author
Literature Cited
- Bowman, D. M. J. S. 2000. Australian rainforests: islands of green in a land of fire. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
- D'Odorico, P., G. S. Okin, and B. T. Bestelmeyer. 2012. A synthetic review of feedbacks and drivers of shrub encroachment in arid grasslands. Ecohydrology 5: 520–530.
- Hirota, M., M. Holmgren, E. H. van Nes, and M. Scheffer. 2011. Global resilience of tropical forest and savanna to critical transitions. Science 334: 232–235.
- Holmgren, M., M. Scheffer, and M. A. Huston. 1997. The interplay of facilitation and competition in plant communities. Ecology 78: 1966–1975.
- Kéfi, S., M. Holmgren, and M. Scheffer. 2016. When can positive interactions cause alternative stable states in ecosystems? Functional Ecology 30: 88–97.
- Lehmann, C. E. R., et al. 2014. Savanna vegetation-fire-climate relationships differ among continents. Science 343: 548–552.
- Livina, V. N., F. Kwasniok, and T. M. Lenton. 2010. Potential analysis reveals changing number of climate states during the last 60 kyr. Climate of the Past 6: 77–82.
- Staal, A., S. C. Dekker, C. Xu, and E. H. van Nes. 2016. Bistability, spatial interaction, and the distribution of tropical forests and savannas. Ecosystems 19: 1080–1091.
- Staver, A. C., S. Archibald, and S. A. Levin. 2011. The global extent and determinants of savanna and forest as alternative biome states. Science 334: 230–232.
- Synodinos, A. D., D. Eldridge, K. Geißler, F. Jeltsch, D. Lohmann, G. Midgley, and N. Blaum. 2017. Remotely sensed canopy height reveals three pantropical ecosystem states: comment. Ecology. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.1997.
- Van de Leemput, I. A., E. H. van Nes, and M. Scheffer. 2015. Resilience of alternative states in spatially extended ecosystems. PLoS ONE 10: e0116859.
- Van Nes, E. H., M. Hirota, M. Holmgren, and M. Scheffer. 2014. Tipping points in tropical tree cover: linking theory to data. Global Change Biology 20: 1016–1021.
- Wuyts, B., A. R. Champneys, and J. I. House. 2017. Amazonian forest-savanna bistability and human impact. Nature Communications 8: 15519.
- Xu, C., E. H. van Nes, M. Holmgren, S. Kéfi, and M. Scheffer. 2015. Local facilitation may cause tipping points on a landscape level preceded by early warning indicators. American Naturalist 186: E81–E90.
- Xu, C., S. Hantson, M. Holmgren, E. H. van Nes, A. Staal, and M. Scheffer. 2016. Remotely sensed canopy height reveals three pantropical ecosystem states. Ecology 97: 2518–2521.
